Once at the heart of the global Industrial Revolution, the city is now leading the way in culture, shopping, dining and more, and is even the location of the Commonwealth Games in Famous British chocolate-maker Cadbury is based in Birmingham. Cadbury World takes you on a 4D chocolate adventure, with a ride in a Beanmobile that gives you the chance to watch big vats of chocolate being made into your favourite bars.
The best bit comes at the end when you get to taste test a warm pot of melted Cadbury Dairy Milk with sprinkles of your favourite topping. The museum is closed until for upgrades, with major online events continuing until its re-opening. The Bullring has more than shops, including a branch of luxury department store Selfridges, the biggest designer brands and an abundance of popular high-street retailers.
The Museum of the Jewellery Quarter is built around a carefully preserved workshop and details the rich heritage of the region. In it had a population of around 5, By then it was a fairly large and important place. Aston Hall was built in In the Middle Ages there was only one fair in Birmingham but by the early 16th century there were two.
Furthermore, in the Middle Ages, there was also just one general market but by the middle of the 16th century, there were three specialized markets, the Cornmarket, the Welsh market, and the English market. Wool was still woven and dyed in Tudor Birmingham. Leather was also tanned and made into goods in the town. There was, in the 16th century, a leather hall in Birmingham where it could be bought and sold. However, the newer industry of metalworking was fast taking over.
Tudor Birmingham gained a reputation as a place where cutlers made knives, nailers made nails and many blacksmiths worked at their forges.
Birmingham had 3 natural advantages. Firstly it was near to a source of iron ore. Secondly, it was by a coal seam, which provided fuel for forges. Lastly, it was surrounded by streams so that watermills could power the bellows for forges. The civil war between king and parliament began in In October the king came to Birmingham with his army. His soldiers looted the houses of civilians. After the king left the townspeople attacked his baggage train and looted it. In April a royalist army was sent to capture Birmingham.
The townspeople erected earth defenses across the roads but the royalists simply marched across the open country into the town. They then set about plundering Birmingham again. St Phillips Church was built in By Birmingham had a population between 11, and 12, By the population had risen to around 24, By the end of the century, the population of Birmingham had risen to 73, Industry in Birmingham continued to boom during the 18th century.
Metalworking of all kinds flourished in the town. Artifacts made in Birmingham included buckles for shoes, blades, pins, nails, screws, bolts, and buttons.
Some craftsmen made brass fittings such as handles for coffins. There were also many gunsmiths and some locksmiths. In the late 18th-century glass making boomed in Birmingham.
Meanwhile, Sarehole Mill was built in In charity school called the Blue Coat school was founded. It was so-called because the children wore blue uniforms.
In an act of Parliament formed a body of men called the Street Commissioners who had powers to clean and light the streets of Birmingham. They also widened the streets by demolishing houses. Furthermore, they lit the streets of Birmingham with oil lamps. Also in , a canal was built from Wednesbury to Birmingham. The General Hospital was built in Two new wings were added in In a dispensary was opened where the poor could obtain free medicine. In the Street Commissioners began to provide gas street lighting.
But in their powers were transferred to the Town Council. In the 19th-century industry in Birmingham was still dominated by metalworking. The workers of the town still made nails, brass goods such as bedsteads , nuts and bolts, screws, and buttons.
They also made pen nibs and toys. There were also jewelers and gunsmiths in Birmingham. In the late 19th-century railway carriages were made in Birmingham. So were bicycles. Glass making was also an important industry. In July, a cholera epidemic hit many southern cities, and Birmingham suffered greatly because it had little clean water and few adequate sewage facilities. Thousands fled the city. Just as cooler fall weather began to bring an end to the epidemic, the economic Panic of chilled Birmingham's real estate boom.
As no significant industries had yet been established to create a sufficient number of jobs, people were again forced to leave. Birmingham however, survived these early misfortunes as a result of its nearby rich mineral deposits, which soon made it the industrial center of the New South. Aldrich , James W. Sloss, and Henry F. DeBardeleben , owners of the Pratt Coal and Coke Company, provided a major stimulus for Birmingham's recovery from the recession and for its future economic growth by opening the nearby Pratt mines.
Henry Debardeleben then joined with Thomas T. Hillman to construct the Alice Furnaces, facilitating the large-scale production of pig iron. In June , Sloss began constructing the area's second set of blast furnaces, known then as the City Furnaces, in eastern Birmingham. The Louisville and Nashville Railroad aided these flourishing enterprises by investing money and providing special freight rates.
As a result of these events, Birmingham's production of pig iron increased more than tenfold between and Birmingham had become the region's leading industrial city, evolving from a rough and tumble "boom town" of muddy streets, saloons, fistfights, and shootouts to a civilized city with paved streets, gaslights, telephone service, and a public school system.
Continued industrial expansion in the s also spurred the rapid growth of unions, particularly among railroad workers, miners, and the building trades. Steel in , which brought financial resources to the city, and the completion of the lock-and-dam system on the Tombigbee and Warrior Rivers in , which provided Birmingham manufacturers with cheap water transportation for their goods all the way to Mobile.
Birmingham quickly became the transportation hub of the mid-South. Just as the city's economy was beginning to take off again, the stock market crashed in October , throwing thousands of residents out of work and prompting the Hoover administration to call Birmingham "the hardest hit city in the nation.
Steel shut down its Birmingham mills and the city remained depressed for eight years. Birmingham recovered from the Depression with the outbreak of World War II as the city's steel mills became an important part of the nation's arsenal.
After the war, Birmingham diversified its economy with new industries that manufactured farm equipment, chemicals, byproducts used for road building, nails, wire, cement, cottonseed oil, and many other goods. With these new industries, along with Hayes International Aircraft and the launch of a modern medical complex, Birmingham in the s had the potential to soar into the s.
Instead, city officials and residents were faced with a civil rights struggle of epic proportions that left the city's national reputation in shambles and greatly hampered its ability to attract investors. Sixteenth Street Church Bombing African Americans began moving into Birmingham to escape the white-owned farms where they had once toiled as slaves and later as sharecroppers.
By African Americans comprised more than half of Birmingham's industrial workers. Working and living conditions were bad enough, but black citizens' lives were made more miserable by Birmingham's deeply entrenched system of segregation. Nicknamed "Bombingham" for the many racially motivated bombings of black homes, the city became a focal point for the national civil rights struggle after the brutal treatment of the Freedom Riders in Fred Lee Shuttlesworth The city was then publicly shamed in the media by Police Commissioner Eugene "Bull" Connor 's use of fire hoses and police dogs to drive back thousands of youthful demonstrators in early May Following several weeks of demonstrations, civil rights and business leaders reached an agreement that ended some of the segregationist barriers.
This spirit of good will was soon shattered by the bombing of the Sixteenth Street Baptist Church , which claimed the lives of four young girls.
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